Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic workflow of early-stage CRAD model establishment and sample collection. Schematic illustration of the experimental workflow for establishing the chronic renal allograft dysfunction (CRAD) rat model. Orthotopic kidney transplantation was performed, followed by contralateral nephrectomy on postoperative day 10. At 12 weeks post-transplantation, 24-h urine samples were collected using metabolic cages, and serum and kidney tissues were harvested for subsequent histological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. The 12-week time point was used to assess early inflammatory and fibrotic changes during CRAD progression. Created with BioRender.com under a publication license.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Transplantation Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-11 inhibition attenuates renal inflammatory infiltration and injury in early-stage CRAD. (A) Representative H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining images of kidney tissues from the Sham, CRAD, and CRAD + IL-11-shRNA AAV groups. Red arrows indicate representative early CRAD-associated tubulointerstitial injury, including inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial expansion, and tubular structural disorganization. Scale bar, 100 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of fibrotic area based on Masson’s trichrome staining. (C) Representative immunohistochemical staining images of IL-11, p-ERK, p-p65, and CD68 in kidney tissues. Scale bars, 50 μm. (D) Quantitative analysis of IL-11-, p-ERK-, p-p65-, and CD68-positive areas. (E) Protein concentrations of ICAM-1, IL-11, and MCP-1 in kidney tissues. (F) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in kidney tissues. (G) Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in each group. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 3 rats per group. * P < 0.05 vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05 vs. CRAD group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Inhibition, Staining, shRNA, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-11/IL-11RA signaling contributes to inflammatory activation in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells. (A) Representative immunofluorescence staining images showing IL-11RA expression in BUMPT cells. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Scale bar, 20 μm. (B) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of anti-IL-11 and anti-IL-11RA antibodies on the expression of ICAM-1, MMP-9, IL-11RA, MCP-1, IL-11, and IL-1β in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells. (C) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of IL-11 siRNA and IL-11RA siRNA on inflammatory mediator expression in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells. (D) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel (B) . (E) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel (C) . (F) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-11, IL-11RA, and MCP-1 after anti-IL-11 or anti-IL-11RA treatment. (G) Protein concentrations of IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in culture supernatants after anti-IL-11 or anti-IL-11RA treatment. (H) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-11, IL-11RA, and MCP-1 after IL-11 or IL-11RA knockdown. (I) Protein concentrations of IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in culture supernatants after IL-11 or IL-11RA knockdown. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 3 independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs. Control group; # P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Western Blot, Knockdown, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: ERK1/2 inhibition attenuates NF-κB activation and inflammatory injury in early-stage CRAD. (A) Representative H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining images of kidney tissues from the Sham, CRAD, and CRAD+PD98059 groups. Red arrows indicate representative areas of inflammatory cell infiltration and tubulointerstitial structural disruption in CRAD kidneys. Scale bars, 100 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of fibrotic area based on Masson’s trichrome staining. (C) Representative immunohistochemical staining images of IL-11, p-ERK, p-p65, and CD68 in kidney tissues. Scale bars, 50 μm. (D) Quantitative analysis of IL-11-, p-ERK-, p-p65-, and CD68-positive areas. (E) Serum creatinine and BUN levels in each group. (F) Relative mRNA expression levels of MCP-1 and MMP-9 in kidney tissues. (G) Protein concentrations of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in kidney tissues. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 3 rats per group. * P < 0.05 vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05 vs. CRAD group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Inhibition, Activation Assay, Staining, Disruption, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: PD98059 suppresses TGF-β1- and rmIL-11-induced ERK1/2-NF-κB activation and inflammatory mediator expression in BUMPT cells. (A) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of different concentrations of PD98059 on TGF-β1-induced expression of ICAM-1, MMP-9, p-p65, p65, p-ERK, ERK, MCP-1, IL-11, and IL-1β in BUMPT cells. (B) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of different concentrations of PD98059 on rmIL-11-induced ERK1/2-NF-κB activation and inflammatory mediator expression in BUMPT cells. (C) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel (A) . (D) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel (B) . (E) Relative mRNA expression levels of MCP-1 and MMP-9 in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells treated with PD98059. (F) MCP-1 concentration in culture supernatants from TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells treated with PD98059. (G) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in rmIL-11-stimulated BUMPT cells treated with PD98059. (H) Protein concentrations of IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in culture supernatants from rmIL-11-stimulated BUMPT cells treated with PD98059. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6 independent experiments. PD 1, PD 5, and PD 10 indicate PD98059 at 1, 5, and 10 μM, respectively. * P < 0.05 vs. Control group; # P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 + vehicle or rmIL-11 + vehicle group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: miR-204-5p directly targets IL-11 and attenuates inflammatory mediator expression in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells. (A) Schematic illustration of the predicted miR-204-5p binding site within the IL-11 3′-UTR and the corresponding wild-type and mutant luciferase reporter constructs. (B) Dual-luciferase reporter assay showing the effect of miR-204-5p mimic on luciferase activity in cells transfected with IL-11 3′-UTR wild-type or mutant reporter constructs. (C) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of miR-204-5p mimic on ICAM-1, MMP-9, MCP-1, and IL-1β expression in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells. (D) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel (C) . (E) Relative RNA expression levels of miR-204-5p and IL-11 in BUMPT cells. (F) Protein concentrations of MCP-1 and MMP-9 in culture supernatants. The broken y-axis indicates different concentration ranges. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6 independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs. NC/Control group; # P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 group; ^ P < 0.05 vs. IL-11 3′-UTR-WT reporter group. WT, wild-type; Mut, mutant; NC, negative control.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Expressing, Binding Assay, Mutagenesis, Luciferase, Construct, Reporter Assay, Activity Assay, Transfection, Western Blot, RNA Expression, Concentration Assay, Control, Negative Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: rmIL-11 partially rescues the inhibitory effects of miR-204-5p mimic on ERK1/2-NF-κB inflammatory signaling in BUMPT cells. (A) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of rmIL-11 rescue on ERK1/2-NF-κB activation and inflammatory mediator expression in miR-204-5p mimic-transfected BUMPT cells under TGF-β1 stimulation. (B) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel A, including p-ERK/ERK, p-p65/p65, MCP-1/GAPDH, MMP-9/GAPDH, ICAM-1/GAPDH, and IL-1β/GAPDH. (C) Relative RNA expression levels of miR-204-5p, IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in rescue experiments. (D) Protein concentrations of MCP-1 and MMP-9 in culture supernatants. The broken y-axis indicates different concentration ranges. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6 independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs. Control group; # P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 group; ^ P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 + miR-204-5p mimic group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Western Blot, Activation Assay, Expressing, Transfection, RNA Expression, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: miR-204-5p overexpression attenuates renal inflammatory infiltration and IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB activation in early-stage CRAD. (A) Representative H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining images of kidney tissues from the Sham, CRAD, and CRAD + mmu-miR-204-5p AAV groups. H&E staining showed tubulointerstitial injury and inflammatory cell infiltration in CRAD kidneys, which were partially attenuated after mmu-miR-204-5p AAV treatment. Red arrows indicate representative inflammatory lesions. Scale bars, 100 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of fibrotic area based on Masson’s trichrome staining. (C) Representative immunohistochemical staining images of IL-11, p-ERK, p-p65, and CD68 in kidney tissues. Scale bar, 50 μm. (D) Quantitative analysis of IL-11-, p-ERK-, p-p65-, and CD68-positive areas. (E) Serum creatinine and BUN levels in each group. (F) Relative RNA expression levels of miR-204-5p, IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in kidney tissues. (G) Protein concentrations of IL-11, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 in kidney tissues. The broken y-axis indicates different concentration ranges. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 3 rats per group. * P < 0.05 vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05 vs. CRAD group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Over Expression, Activation Assay, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, RNA Expression, Concentration Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: The diagram of the design and fabrication of delivery system loading BMSCs derived 3D-ABs and Mxene nanosheets for the repair of SCI. This composite hydrogel alleviated the inflammatory microenvironment in the acute phase and promoted axon regeneration in the chronic phase.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: Derivative Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Preparation and characterization of 3D-ABs and Mxene nanosheets. (A) Graphical illustration of the 3D-ABs isolation procedure. (B) 2D-BMSCs and 3D-BMSCs stained by CD29 and CD44 (scale bar, 40 μm). (C) SEM images of 3D-ABs (scale bar, 1 μm). (D) 3D-ABs stained by CIQC (scale bar, 10 μm). (E) DLS analysis for the 3D-ABs. (F) Expression of biomarkers of 3D-ABs and Hydrogel-3D-ABs including C1QC, C3B, H2B, and H3, β-actin was utilized as a loading control. (G) FCM analysis of the percentage of Dil-positive PC12 and BV2 cells after treatment with DiI-labelled 3D-ABs. (H) Uptake of Dil-labelled 3D-ABs and Hydrogel-3D-ABs by PC12 and BV2 cells (scale bar, 20 μm). (I) Frozen sections of DiI-labelled 3D-ABs and Hydrogel-3D-ABs treated spinal cord were stained for Neun and CD68 (scale bars, 20 μm). (J) SEM and EDS elemental mapping images of the Mxene nanosheets (scale bar, 20 μm). (K) Live/dead cell staining images for PC12 and BV2 cells after different treatments (scale bar, 200 μm).

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: Isolation, Staining, Expressing, Control

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Composite hydrogel promotes post-SCI functional recovery. (A) H&E and Masson staining of the SCI areas of 28 days (scale bar, 1000 μm). (B) On day 28 after SCI, images of mouse footprints were captured. Blue: fore paw print; Red: hind paw print. (C) Representative images of laminin staining on the gastrocnemius muscles to mark the area of muscle fibers (scale bar, 50 μm). (D) Following SCI, the groups' BMS scores were recorded on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. (E) MEP results of mice in each group at 28 dpi. (F) Stride length (mm) analyses of mice at 28 dpi. (G) Quantitative analysis of the cross-sectional area of gastrocnemius muscle fibers in the right hind limbs of mice in each group(n = 9, 3 animals per group with 3 muscle fibers counted for each animal). (H) Schematic diagram of marked joints in the hindlimb. (I) Representative color-coded bar plots of hindlimb movements in each group. (J) Curves depicting angle variations in hip, knee, and ankle joints during hindlimb motion across groups. (K–M) Quantitative analysis of swing frequency, maximum muscle tension, and cycle duration during a single-step cycle in hindlimbs of mice from each group. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs (n = 3); ∗p < 0.05, indicates significant differences; ns, is not significant. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Staining, Muscles, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Composite hydrogel promotes the polarization of BV2 cells to M2 types and alleviates PC12 cell pyroptosis in vitro inflammatory environment. (A) Representative western blots showing protein expression of iNOS and Arg-1 in each group, β-actin was utilized as a loading control. (B) Quantitative analysis of relative expression of iNOS and Arg-1. (C) Representative immunofluorescence images of CD68 positive and iNOS positive BV2 cells (scale bar: 20 μm). (D) Representative immunofluorescence images of CD68 positive and Arg-1 positive BV2 cells (scale bar: 20 μm). (E, F) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity of iNOS and Arg-1. (G) Representative western blots showing the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, ASC, GSDMD-N, and IL-18 protein associated with pyroptosis, β-actin was utilized as a loading control. (H) PI staining of PC12 cells in each group (scale bar, 100 μm). (I) Quantitative analysis of PI staining of PC12 cells (n = 3). (J) Quantitative analysis of relative expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, ASC, GSDMD-N and IL-18 (n = 3). The data are presented as the means ± SEMs (n = 3); ∗p < 0.05, indicates significant differences; ns, is not significant. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: In Vitro, Western Blot, Expressing, Control, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence, Staining, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Composite hydrogel regulates post-SCI inflammation. (A) Immunofluorescence images of inflammatory cell infiltration at the injured site 3 days after SCI (scale bar, 100 μm). (B) Immunofluorescence image of iNOS expression of microglia 3 days after SCI (scale bar, 40 μm). (C) Immunofluorescence image of Arg-1 expression of microglia 3 days after SCI (scale bar, 40 μm). (D) Quantitative analysis of the number of CD68 positive cells at the injured site 3 days after SCI. (E, F) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity of iNOS and Arg-1 protein expression. (G) Representative western blots showing the expression of iNOS and Arg-1 protein 3 days after SCI, GAPDH was utilized as a loading control. (H) Quantitative analysis of relative expression of iNOS and Arg-1. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs (n = 3); ∗p < 0.05, indicates significant differences; ns, is not significant. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Fluorescence, Western Blot, Control, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: The composite hydrogel inhibits post-SCI pyroptosis in neurons. (A) Immunofluorescence images of residual neurons existing in the anterior horn of the spinal cord (scale bar, 500 μm and 200 μm). (B) Immunofluorescence image of Caspase-1 expression of neurons 3 days after SCI (scale bar, 20 μm). (C) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity of Caspase-1 protein expression in neurons within the specified groups (n = 3). (D) Immunofluorescence image of GSDMD-N expression of neurons 3 days after SCI (scale bar, 20 μm). (E) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity of GSDMD-N protein expression in neurons within the specified groups (n = 3). (F) Representative western blots showing the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, ASC, GSDMD-N, and IL-18 protein 3 days after SCI, GAPDH was utilized as a loading control. (G) Quantitative analysis of relative expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, ASC, GSDMD-N and IL-18 (n = 3). The data are presented as the means ± SEMs (n = 3); ∗p < 0.05, indicates significant differences; ns, is not significant. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Fluorescence, Western Blot, Control, Comparison